Food | Glycemic Index | Glycemic Load | Diabetic Carb Choices | Serving Size grams | serving oz | Avail. Carb per serving |
BAKERY PRODUCTS | | | | | | |
Cakes | | | | | | |
Angel food cake (Loblaw’s, Toronto, Canada) | 67 | 19.4 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Banana cake, made with sugar | 47±8 | 17.9 | 2.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 38 |
Banana cake, made without sugar | 55±10 | 16.0 | 1.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 29 |
Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 38±3 | 19.8 | 3.5 | 111 | 3.91 | 52 |
Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) | 67 | 17.4 | 1.7 | 57 | 2.01 | 26 |
Crumpet (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd., Etobicoke, Canada) | 69 | 13.1 | 1.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 19 |
Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) | 73±12 | 19.0 | 1.7 | 38 | 1.34 | 26 |
Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw’s, Canada) | 76 | 17.5 | 1.5 | 47 | 1.66 | 23 |
Flan cake (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 65 | 31.2 | 3.2 | 70 | 2.47 | 48 |
Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) | 87±17 | 25.2 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) | 54 | 15.1 | 1.9 | 53 | 1.87 | 28 |
Sponge cake, plain | 46±6 | 16.6 | 2.4 | 63 | 2.22 | 36 |
Vanilla cake made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) | 42±4 | 24.4 | 3.9 | 111 | 3.91 | 58 |
Muffins | | | | | | |
Apple, made with sugar4 | 44±6 | 12.8 | 1.9 | 60 | 2.12 | 29 |
Apple, made without sugar4 | 48±10 | 9.1 | 1.3 | 60 | 2.12 | 19 |
Apple, oat, sultana, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Acacia Ridge, Qld, Australia) | 54±4 | 14.0 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 26 |
Apricot, coconut and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) | 60±4 | 15.6 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 26 |
Banana, oat and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) | 65±11 | 16.9 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 26 |
Bran (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin’s Muffins, Aurora, Canada) | 60 | 14.4 | 1.6 | 57 | 2.01 | 24 |
Blueberry (Culinar Inc., Canada) | 59 | 17.1 | 1.9 | 57 | 2.01 | 29 |
Carrot (Culinar Inc., Canada) | 62 | 19.8 | 2.1 | 57 | 2.01 | 32 |
Chocolate butterscotch, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) | 53±5 | 14.8 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 28 |
Corn muffin, low-amylose5 | 102 | 29.6 | 1.9 | 57 | 2.01 | 29 |
Corn muffin, high-amylose5 | 49 | | | | | |
Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) | 69 | 24.2 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green’s General Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) | 67±5 | 38.9 | 3.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 58 |
Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) | 102±11 | 22.4 | 1.5 | 77 | 2.72 | 22 |
Pastry | 59±6 | 15.3 | 1.7 | 57 | 2.01 | 26 |
Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) | 85±14 | 17.9 | 1.4 | 40 | 1.41 | 21 |
Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) | 92±8 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.88 | 8 |
Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada) | 76 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 35 | 1.23 | 13 |
BEVERAGES | | | | | | |
Coca Cola ® | | | | | | |
Coca Cola®, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 53±7 | 13.8 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Coca Cola®, soft drink/soda (Coca Cola Bottling Company, Atlanta, GA, USA) | 63 | 16.4 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
mean of two types | 58±5 | | | | | |
Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) | 66±8 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 20 |
Fanta®, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) | 68±6 | 23.1 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 34 |
Lucozade®, original (sparkling glucose drink) (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK) | 95±10 | 39.9 | 2.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 42 |
Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) | 33±9 | 13.5 | 2.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 41 |
Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Tarren Point, NSW, Australia)6 | 30±3 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 22 |
Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 34±3 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 25 |
Solo™, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 58±5 | 16.8 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Berkeley Vale, NSW, Australia) | 43±5 | 11.2 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia) | 46±5 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 24 |
Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia) | 39±2 | 13.3 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 34 |
Juices | | | | | | |
Apple juice | | | | | | |
Apple juice, pure, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) | 39±5 | | | | | |
Apple juice, unsweetened | 40 | | | | | |
Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) | 41 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 40±1 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Wandin, Vic, Australia) | 44±2 | 13.2 | 2.0 | 250 | 8.82 | 30 |
Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) | 37±3 | 10.4 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 28 |
Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) | 43±3 | 14.2 | 2.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 33 |
Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)6 | 43±3 | 9.9 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray®, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) | 52±3 | 16.1 | 2.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 31 |
Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray® Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) | 68±3 | 24.5 | 2.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 36 |
Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray® (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) | 56±4 | 16.2 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) | 48 | 10.6 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 22 |
Orange juice | | | | | | |
Orange Juice (Canada) | 46±6 | | | | | |
Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Quelch®, Berri Ltd., Carlton, Vic, Australia) | 53±6 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 50±4 | 13.0 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 46 | 15.6 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 34 |
Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 | 38±4 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 9 |
Yakult®, fermented milk drink with Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) | 46±6 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 65 | 2.29 | 12 |
Sports drinks | | | | | | |
Gatorade® (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd., Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) | 78±13 | 11.7 | 1.0 | 250 | 8.82 | 15 |
Isostar® (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland) | 70±15 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Sports Plus® (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) | 74±6 | 12.6 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 17 |
Sustagen Sport® (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) | 43±9 | 21.1 | 3.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 49 |
Drinks made from drinking mix powders | | | | | | |
Build-Up™ nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla with fiber, (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 41±4 | 13.5 | 2.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 33 |
Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with hot water (Nestlé, Australia) | 51±3 | 11.7 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, NSW, Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) cow’s milk | 36±3 | 6.8 | 1.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 19 |
Malted milk powder in full-fat cow’s milk (Nestlé, Australia) | 45±3 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Milo™ (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) | | | | | | |
Milo™ (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in water | 55±3 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 16 |
Milo™ (Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water | 52±5 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 16 |
mean of two studies | 54±2 | | | | | |
Milo™ (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in full-fat cow’s milk | 35±2 | 8.8 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 25 |
Milo™ (Nestlé, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat cow’s milk | 36±3 | 9.4 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
mean of two studies | 36±1 | | | | | |
Nutrimeal™, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) | 26±3 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 17 |
Quik™ (sweet drink powder) | | | | | | |
Quik™, chocolate (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia), dissolved in water | 53±5 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 7 |
Quik™, chocolate (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk | 41±4 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 11 |
Quik™, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in water | 64±8 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 8 |
Quik™, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk | 35±3 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 12 |
BREADS | | | | | | |
Bagel, white, frozen (Lender’s Bakery, Montreal, Canada) | 72 | 25.2 | 2.3 | 70 | 2.47 | 35 |
Baguette, white, plain (France) | 95±15 | 14.3 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
French baguette with chocolate spread (France) | 72±8 | 26.6 | 2.5 | 70 | 2.47 | 37 |
French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) | 62±7 | 25.4 | 2.7 | 70 | 2.47 | 41 |
Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) | 63±10 | 20.2 | 2.1 | 60 | 2.12 | 32 |
Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 74 | 15.5 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Barley Breads | | | | | | |
Coarse barley kernel bread, 75-80% kernels | | | | | | |
75% kernels | 27 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) | 34 | 6.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) | 40 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
mean of three studies | 34±4 | | | | | |
Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels | | | | | | |
50% kernels (Canada) | 43 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
50% kibbled barley (Australia) | 48 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
mean of two studies | 46±2 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 57±6 | 6.3 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 11 |
Barley flour breads | | | | | | |
100% barley flour (rye bread composition) (Canada) | 67 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white wheat flour) (Sweden) | 67 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular barley flour, 50% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) | 50 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular barley flour, 80% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) | 43 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 11 |
Wholemeal barley flour (80%) and white wheat flour (20%) breads – fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden) | | |
Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference for the 5 breads below)5 | 70 | 14.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Wholemeal barley flour bread with sourdough (lactic acid)5 | 53 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid5 | 66 | 12.5 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate5 | 59 | 11.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium propionate5 | 65 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose sodium propionate5 | 57 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Buckwheat bread | | | | | | |
Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden) | 47 | 9.9 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Fruit Breads | | | | | | |
Bürgen™ Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) | 44±5 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, NSW, Australia) | 54±6 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) | 47±6 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Happiness™ (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread) (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, WI, USA) | 63±5 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 54±6 | 6.5 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Hamburger bun (Loblaw’s, Toronto, Canada) | 61 | 9.2 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Kaiser rolls (Loblaw’s, Canada) | 73 | 11.7 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) | 70 | 16.1 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Gluten-free bread | | | | | | |
Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) | 79±13 | 10.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Gluten-free white bread, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) | 71 | 10.7 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Gluten-free white bread, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) | 80 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
mean of two studies | 76±5 | 11.4 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) | 69 | 9.0 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) | 76 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
mean of two studies | 73±4 | 9.5 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Oat Bread | | | | | | |
Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) | 65 | 12.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Oat bran bread | | | | | | |
50% oat bran (Australia) | 44 | 7.9 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) | 50 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
mean of two studies | 47±3 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
Rice bread | | | | | | |
Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, NSW, Australia) | 72±9 | 8.6 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Australia) | 61±9 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Rye Bread | | | | | | |
Rye kernel (pumpernickel) bread | | | | | | |
Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) | 41 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel) (Canada) | 41 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 46 | 5.1 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 11 |
Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada) | 55 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) | 55 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) | 62 | 7.4 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
mean of six studies | 50±4 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Rye bread, wholemeal | | | | | | |
Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) | 41 | | | | | |
Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) | 62 | | | | | |
Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) | 63 | | | | | |
Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) | 66 | | | | | |
mean of four studies | 58±6 | 8.1 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Rye breads, specialty | | | | | | |
Blackbread, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 76±14 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Bürgen™ Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 55±12 | | | | | |
Bürgen™ Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 74±6 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 65±10 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 10 |
Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) | 67 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Light rye (Silverstein’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 68 | 9.5 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Linseed rye (Rudolph’s Specialty Bakery Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 55 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Roggenbrot, Vogel’s (Stevns & Co, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 59±5 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 86±15 | 12.0 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Sourdough rye (Canada) | 57 | | | | | |
Sourdough rye (Australia) | 48 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 53±5 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) | 56 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Wheat Breads | | | | | | |
Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) | 52 | 10.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Cracked wheat kernel – bulgur bread | | | | | | |
50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) | 58 | 11.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) | 48 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
mean of two studies | 53±3 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Spelt wheat breads | | | | | | |
White spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) | 74 | 17.0 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Wholemeal spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) | 63 | 12.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread9 (Slovenia) | 67 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Spelt multigrain bread® (Pav’s bakery, Australia) | 54±10 | 6.5 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
White wheat flour bread | | | | | | |
White flour (Canada) | 69±5 | 9.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White flour (USA) | 70 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White flour, Sunblest™ (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 70 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White flour (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) | 71 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White flour (South Africa) | 71±7 | 9.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
White flour (Canada) | 71 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
mean of six studies | 70±0 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italian) | 73 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Wonder™, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, MO, USA) | 71±9 | | | | | |
Wonder™, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA) | 72±4 | | | | | |
Wonder™, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA) | 77±3 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 73±2 | 10.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
White Turkish bread (Turkey) | 87 | 14.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
White bread with enzyme inhibitors | | | | | | |
White bread + acarbose (200mg) (Mexico) | 18 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
White bread + acarbose (200mg) (Mexico) | 50 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
mean in two groups of subjects | 34±16 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)5 | 48 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)5 | 29 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
White bread with soluble fiber | | | | | | |
White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) | 41 | 7.0 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) | 65 | 11.1 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
mean in two groups of subjects | 53±12 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) | 45 | 6.8 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed (Nori alga) (Spain) | 48 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
White bread containing Eurylon® high-amylose maize starch (France)12 | 42 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
White fiber-enriched bread | | | | | | |
White, high-fiber (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) | 67 | | | | | |
White, high-fiber (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) | 69 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 68±1 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
White resistant starch-enriched bread | | | | | | |
Fibre White™ (Nature’s Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) | 77±10 | 11.6 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Wonderwhite™ (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) | 80±8 | 11.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Wholemeal wheat flour bread (whole wheat) | | | | | | |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 52 | 6.2 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 64 | 7.7 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 65 | 7.8 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 67 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 67 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 69 | 8.3 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 71 | 8.5 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Canada) | 72±6 | 8.6 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (USA)5 | 73 | 10.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Wholemeal flour (South Africa) | 75±9 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 77±9 | 9.2 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 78±16 | 9.4 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Wholemeal flour (Kenya) | 87 | 11.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
mean of thirteen studies | 71± 2 | 9.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Wholemeal Turkish bread | 49 | 7.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Specialty wheat breads | | | | | | |
Bürgen® Mixed Grain bread (Australia) | | | | | | |
Bürgen® Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) | 34±4 | | | | | |
Bürgen® Mixed Grain | 45±12 | | | | | |
Bürgen® Mixed Grain | 69±6 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 49±10 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 11 |
Bürgen® Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 31±3 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 10 |
Bürgen® Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 36±4 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 9 |
English Muffin™ bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 77±7 | 10.8 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Healthy Choice™ Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 55±6 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Healthy Choice™ Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 62±6 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Helga’s™ Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 68±9 | 9.5 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Helga’s™ traditional wholemeal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 70±14 | 9.1 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Hunger Filler™, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 59±8 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Molenberg™ (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand) | 75±10 | | | | | |
Molenberg™ (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand) | 84±8 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 80±5 | 11.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) | 43±5 | 6.0 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) | 54±10 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) | 43 | 6.0 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Nutty Natural™, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 59±7 | 7.1 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Performax™ (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) | 38±3 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Ploughman’s™ Wholegrain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 47 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Ploughman’s™ Wholemeal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) | 64±10 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Semolina Bread (Kenya) | 64 | | | | | |
Sourdough wheat (Australia) | 54 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 50±6 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 10 |
Stay Trim™, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 70±10 | 10.5 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Sunflower & Barley bread, Riga brand (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Australia) | 57±6 | 7.4 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Vogel’s Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co., Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 55±5 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Vogel’s Roggenbrot (Stevns & Co., Australia) | 59±5 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) | 74 | 16.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
100% Whole Grain™ bread (Natural Ovens, USA) | 51±11 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden) | 79 | 12.6 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Unleavened Breads | | | | | | |
Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 75±9 | 12.0 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Middle Eastern flatbread | 97±29 | 15.5 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Pita bread, white (Canada) | 57 | 9.7 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Wheat flour flatbread (India) | 66±9 | 10.6 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Amaranth : wheat (25:75) composite flour flatbread (India) | 66±10 | 9.9 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Amaranth : wheat (50:50) composite flour flatbread (India) | 76±20 | 11.4 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
BREAKFAST CEREALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS | | | | | | |
All-Bran™ (high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal) | | | | | | |
All-Bran™ (Kellogg’s, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)13 | 30 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
All-Bran™ (Kellogg’s, Battle Creek, MI, USA) | 38 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
All-Bran™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) | 50 | 11.5 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
All-Bran™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada) | 51±5 | 11.7 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
mean of four studies | 42±5 | | | | | |
All-Bran Fruit ‘n Oats™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 39 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
All-Bran Soy ‘n Fibre™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 33±3 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) | 97±19 | 18.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Barley porridge | | | | | | |
Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) | 68 | 23.1 | 2.3 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 34 |
Wholemeal high-fibre barley flour porridge (50% regular barley flour: 50% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) | 55 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 15 |
Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) | 62 | 17.4 | 1.9 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 28 |
Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) | 65 | 18.2 | 1.9 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 28 |
Bran Buds™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada)15 | 58 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada)15 | 47 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Bran Chex™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 | 58 | 11.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Bran Flakes™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 74 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
Cheerios™ (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)15 | 74 | 14.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Chocapic™ (Nestlé, France) | 84±9 | 21.0 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Coco Pops™ (cocoa flavoured puffed rice) | | | | | | |
Coco Pops™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77±8 | | | | | |
Coco Pops™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77±3 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 77 | 20.0 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Corn Bran™ (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)15 | 75 | 15.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Corn Chex™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 83 | 20.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Cornflakes™ | | | | | | |
Cornflakes™ (Kellogg’s, Auckland, New Zealand) | 72±16 | 18.0 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Cornflakes™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77 | 19.3 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Cornflakes™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada) | 80±6 | 20.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Cornflakes™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada) | 86 | 22.4 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Cornflakes™ (Kellogg’s, USA)5 | 92 | 23.9 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
mean of five studies | 81±3 | 21.1 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 | 74 | 17.0 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72±4 | 17.3 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Corn Pops™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 80±4 | 20.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Cream of Wheat™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 66 | 17.2 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Cream of Wheat™, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 74 | 22.2 | 2.0 | 250 | 8.82 | 30 |
Crispix™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada)15 | 87 | 21.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Energy Mix™ (Quaker, France) | 80±7 | 19.2 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Froot Loops™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 69±9 | 17.9 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Frosties™, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 55 | 14.3 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Fruitful Lite™ (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand) | 61±20 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Fruity-Bix™, berry (Sanitarium, Auckland, New Zealand) | 113±10 | 24.9 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Golden Grahams™ (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 | 71 | 17.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Golden Wheats™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 71±8 | 16.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Grapenuts™ | | | | | | |
Grapenuts™ (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Toronto, Canada)15 | 67 | 12.7 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Grapenuts™ (Kraft Foods Inc., Port Chester, NY, USA) | 75±6 | 16.5 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
mean of two studies | 71±4 | 14.9 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Grapenuts™ Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)15 | 80 | 17.6 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Guardian™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 37±9 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Healthwise™ for bowel health (Uncle Toby’s, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) | 66±9 | 11.9 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
Healthwise™ for heart health (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 48±5 | 9.1 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Honey Rice Bubbles™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77±4 | 20.8 | 1.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 27 |
Honey Smacks™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 71±10 | 16.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 37±6 | 8.1 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Hot cereal, unflavoured (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 25±5 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Just Right™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 60±15 | 13.2 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Just Right Just Grains™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 62±11 | 14.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Komplete™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 48±5 | 10.1 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Life™ (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 | 66 | 16.5 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Mini Wheats™, whole wheat (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 58±8 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Mini Wheats™, blackcurrant (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72±10 | 15.1 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Muesli | | | | | | |
Muesli, NS8 (Canada) | 66±9 | 15.8 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Alpen Muesli (Wheetabix, France) | 55±10 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) with 1.5% fat milk | 39±6 | 7.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) | 54±12 | 9.7 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) | 57±9 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) | 40±6 | 7.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
mean of two studies | 49±9 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 | 60 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 30 | 1.06 | 18 |
Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 56±8 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 43±4 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Nutrigrain™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 66±12 | 9.9 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 15 |
Oat ‘n Honey Bake™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77±11 | 13.1 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Oat bran | | | | | | |
Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 | 50 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 10 | 0.35 | 5 |
Oat bran, raw | 59 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 10 | 0.35 | 5 |
mean of two studies | 55±5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 10 | 0.35 | 5 |
Porridge made from rolled oats | | | | | | |
Porridge (Uncle Toby’s, Australia)13 | 42 | 8.8 | 1.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 21 |
Porridge (Canada)16 | 49±8 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Box Hill, Vic, Australia) | 51±8 | 10.7 | 1.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 21 |
Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) | 58±9 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 21 |
Porridge (Australia) | 58±4 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 21 |
Porridge (Canada) | 62 | 14.3 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Porridge (Canada) | 69 | 15.9 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Porridge (USA)6 | 75 | 17.3 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
mean of eight studies | 58±4 | 12.8 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 22 |
Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) | 74 | 23.7 | 2.1 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 32 |
Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 55 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 69 | 18.6 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 50 | 13.5 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 80 | 21.6 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) | 53 | 14.3 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Instant Porridge | | | | | | |
Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) | 65 | | | | | |
One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 | 66 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 66±1 | 17.2 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Pop Tarts™, Double Chocolate (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 70±2 | 25.2 | 2.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 36 |
Pro Stars™ (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 | 71 | 17.0 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Puffed Wheat | | | | | | |
Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 | 67 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) | 80±11 | 16.8 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
mean of two studies | 74±7 | 15.5 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Raisin Bran™ (Kellogg’s, USA) | 61±5 | 11.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada) | 49 | 10.8 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd., Leeton, NSW, Australia) | 19±3 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Rice Bubbles™ (puffed rice) | | | | | | |
Rice Bubbles™ (Kellogg’s, Australia)13 | 81 | | | | | |
Rice Bubbles™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 85±3 | | | | | |
Rice Bubbles™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 95 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 87±4 | 22.6 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Rice Chex™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 89 | 23.1 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Rice Krispies™ (Kellogg’s Inc., Canada)15 | 82 | 21.3 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Shredded Wheat | | | | | | |
Shredded Wheat (Canada) | 67±10 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Shredded Wheat™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 83 | 16.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
mean of two studies | 75±8 | 15.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Special K™ – formulation of this cereal varies in different countries | | | | | | |
Special K™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 54±4 | 11.3 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Special K™ (Kellogg’s, USA) | 69±5 | 14.5 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Special K™ (Kellogg’s, France) | 84±12 | 20.2 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Soy Tasty™ (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit) (Sanitarium, Australia) | 60±5 | 12.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Soytana™, Vogel’s, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) | 49±3 | 12.3 | 1.7 | 45 | 1.59 | 25 |
Sultana Bran™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 73±13 | 13.9 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Sustain™ (Kellogg’s, Australia)13 | 68 | 15.0 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Team™ (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 | 82 | 18.0 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Thank Goodness™ (Hubbards, New Zealand) | 65±18 | 15.0 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Total™ (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 | 76 | 16.7 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Ultra-bran™, Vogel’s, soy and linseed extruded wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g) (Specialty Cereals, Australia) | 41±4 | 5.3 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Wheat-bites™ (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 72±11 | 18.0 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat) | | | | | | |
Vita-Brits™ (Uncle Toby’s, Australia)13 | 61 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Vita-Brits™ (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 68±6 | 13.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Weet-Bix™ (Sanitarium, Australia) | 69 | 11.7 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Weet-Bix™ (Sanitarium, Australia) | 69±4 | 11.7 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Weetabix™ (Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)15 | 74 | 16.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Weetabix™ (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.) | 75±10 | 16.5 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Whole wheat Goldies™ (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 70±4 | 14.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
mean of seven studies | 70±2 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) with additional ingredients | | | | | | |
Good Start™, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) | 68±4 | 13.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Hi-Bran Weet-Bix™, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) | 61±4 | 10.4 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Hi-Bran Weet-Bix™ with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) | 57±3 | 9.1 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Honey Goldies™ (Kellogg’s Australia) | 72±3 | 15.1 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Lite-Bix™, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) | 70±3 | 14.0 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Oat bran Weet-Bix™ (Sanitarium, Australia) | 57±4 | 11.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Sultana Goldies™ (Kellogg’s Australia) | 65±6 | 13.7 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS | | | | | | |
Crunchy Nut Cornflakes™ bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72±6 | 18.7 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Fibre Plus™ bar (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 78±9 | 17.9 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Fruity-Bix™ bar, fruit and nut, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) | 56±4 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Fruity-Bix™ bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal with fruit and covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) | 51±4 | 9.7 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
K-Time Just Right™ bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 72±4 | 17.3 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
K-Time Strawberry Crunch™ bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 77±5 | 19.3 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Rice Bubble Treat™ bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 63±11 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Sustain™ bar (Kellogg’s, Australia) | 57±10 | 14.3 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
CEREAL / GRAINS | | | | | | |
Amaranth | | | | | | |
Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) | 97±19 | 21.3 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 22 |
Barley | | | | | | |
Pearl Barley | | | | | | |
Barley, pearled (Canada) | 22 | | | | | |
Barley (Canada) | 22 | | | | | |
Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min (Gouda’s foods, Concord, Canada) | 25±2 | | | | | |
Barley (Canada) | 27 | | | | | |
Barley, pearled (Canada) | 29 | | | | | |
mean of five studies | 25±1 | 10.5 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) | 37 | | | | | |
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) | 48 | | | | | |
mean of two groups of subjects | 43±6 | 18.1 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) | 50 | 21.0 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Barley, rolled (Australia) | 66±5 | 25.1 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Buckwheat | | | | | | |
Buckwheat (Canada) | 49 | | | | | |
Buckwheat (Canada) | 51±10 | | | | | |
Buckwheat (Canada) | 63 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 54±4 | 16.2 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) | 45 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Corn/Maize | | | | | | |
Maize (Zea Mays), flour made into chapatti (India) | 59 | | | | | |
Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) | 109 | | | | | |
Cornmeal | | | | | | |
Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 68 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 13 |
Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada) | 69 | 8.3 | 0.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 12 |
mean of two studies | 69±1 | 9.0 | 0.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 13 |
Sweet corn | | | | | | |
Sweet corn, ‘Honey & Pearl’ variety (New Zealand) | 37±12 | 11.1 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) | 48 | 14.4 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Sweet corn (Canada) | 59±11 | 19.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Sweet corn (USA) | 60 | 19.8 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Sweet corn (USA) | 60 | 19.8 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Sweet corn (South Africa) | 62±5 | 20.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
mean of six studies | 53±4 | 17.0 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 32 |
Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained (Featherweight, USA) | 46 | 12.9 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 47 | 15.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co., Toronto, Canada) | 68 | 8.2 | 0.8 | 20 | 0.71 | 12 |
Couscous | | | | | | |
Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., Leominster, MA, USA) | 61 | | | | | |
Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) | 69 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 65±4 | 22.8 | 2.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 35 |
Millet | | | | | | |
Millet, boiled (Canada) | 71±10 | 25.6 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Millet flour porridge (Kenya) | 107 | | | | | |
Rice, white | | | | | | |
Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) | 69±7 | 36.6 | 3.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 53 |
White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) | 69±15 | 29.7 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Rice, boiled white, type NS8 | | | | | | |
Type NS, eaten alone (France) | 45 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Type NS (India) | 48 | 18.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Type NS (Canada) | 51 | 21.4 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Type NS (France) | 52 | 18.7 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Type NS (Canada) | 56 | 23.5 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Type NS (Pakistan) | 69 | 26.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Type NS (Canada) | 72±9 | 30.2 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) | 72 | 27.4 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy) | 102 | 30.6 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Type NS (Kenya) | 112 | 47.0 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Type NS, boiled (France) | 43 | 12.9 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Type NS, boiled (France) | 47 | 14.1 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
mean of 12 studies | 64±7 | 23.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20h, reheated (India) | 53 | 20.1 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy) | 104 | 31.2 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Long grain, boiled | | | | | | |
Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) | 41 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min (Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, NSW, Australia ) | 50 | 21.5 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) | 55 | 22.0 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, New Zealand) | 56±7 | 24.1 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) | 56±2 | 24.1 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) | 57 | 22.8 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Long grain, boiled 15 min | 58 | 23.2 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) | 60 | 24.0 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) | 60 | 24.0 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, Gouda foods, Concord, Canada) | 64±3 | 25.6 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 40 |
mean of 10 studies | 56±2 | 23.0 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 41 |
Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties | | | | | | |
Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time (Uncle Ben’s, Masterfoods, Belgium) | 68±6 | 25.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time (Uncle Ben’s, Masterfoods, Belgium) | 75±7 | 27.8 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben’s, Masterfoods King’s Lynn, Norfolk, UK) | 52±5 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Rice, specialty rices | | | | | | |
Cajun Style, Uncle Ben’s® (Effem Foods Ltd., Bolton, Canada) | 51 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Garden Style, Uncle Ben’s® (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) | 55 | 20.4 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben’s® (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) | 54 | 20.0 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben’s® (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) | 58 | 21.5 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) | 57 | 18.2 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 32 |
Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 86±10 | 37.0 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) | 98±7 | 31.4 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 32 |
Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 109±10 | 45.8 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Rice, white low-amylose | | | | | | |
Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 83±13 | 35.7 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 87±7 | 37.4 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Waxy (0-2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 88±11 | 37.8 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 93±11 | 40.0 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) | 139 | 59.8 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Rice, white high-amylose | | | | | | |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) | 37 | 14.4 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min | 39 | 15.2 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
mean of two studies | 38 | 14.8 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 50±6 | | | | | |
Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 64±9 | | | | | |
Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 54±7 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 56±4 | 21.8 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, boiled 15 min then steamed 10 min (Japan) | 48±8 | 18.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Basmati | | | | | | |
Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 58±8 | 22.0 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in microwave, Uncle Ben’s Express® (Masterfoods. Kings Lynn, Norfolk, UK) | 57±4 | 23.4 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 41 |
Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, Uncle Ben’s® Superior (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 60±5 | 22.8 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Rice, brown | | | | | | |
Brown (Canada) | 66±5 | 21.8 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Brown, steamed (USA)5 | 50 | 16.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Brown (Oriza Sativa), boiled (South India)5 | 50±19 | 16.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
mean of three studies | 55±5 | 18.2 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 87±8 | 33.1 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Doongara brown, high amylose (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 66±7 | 24.4 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 76±6 | 28.9 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben’s Natur-reis ® (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 64±7 | 23.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Sunbrown Quick™ (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 80±7 | 30.4 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Instant/puffed rice | | | | | | |
Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) | 46 | 19.3 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand, Australia) | 87 | 36.5 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben’s Snabbris® (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) | 74±5 | 31.1 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
mean of three studies | 69±12 | 29.0 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Instant doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 94±7 | 39.5 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Parboiled rice | | | | | | |
Parboiled rice (Canada) | 48 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Parboiled rice (USA) | 72 | 25.9 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Converted, white, Uncle Ben’s® (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) | 45 | 16.2 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben’s® (Masterfoods USA, Vernon, CA) | 38 | 13.7 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben’s® (Masterfoods USA) | 50 | 18.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)6 | 39 | 14.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 42 | 15.1 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 43 | 15.5 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) | 46 | 16.6 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) | 38 | 13.7 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)5 | 61 | 22.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) | 47 | 16.9 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) | 46 | 16.6 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
mean of thirteen studies | 47±3 | 16.9 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)5 | 99 | | | | | |
Parboiled, low-amylose | | | | | | |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled (12% amylose) | 51 | 19.4 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 87±7 | 33.9 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Parboiled, high-amylose | | | | | | |
Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 50±6 | 19.5 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) | 35 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) | 32 | 12.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) | 27 | 11.1 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 41 |
Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose) | 33 | 12.5 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Mean of 5 studies | 35±4 | 13.7 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Rye, whole kernels | | | | | | |
Rye, whole kernels (Canada) | 29 | 11.0 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) | 34 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Rye, whole kernels (Canada) | 39 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
mean of three studies | 34±3 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Wheat | | | | | | |
Wheat, whole kernels | | | | | | |
Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum) (India)11 | 30±9 | 11.4 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) | 42 | 13.9 | 2.2 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 33 |
Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) | 44 | 14.5 | 2.2 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 33 |
Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) | 48 | 15.8 | 2.2 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 33 |
mean of four studies | 41±3 | 13.9 | 2.3 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 34 |
Wheat, type NS8 (India) | 90 | 34.2 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
Wheat, precooked kernels | | | | | | |
Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) | 52±4 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 37 |
Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) | 50±5 | 16.5 | 2.2 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 33 |
Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France) | 40±5 | 15.6 | 2.6 | 125 | 4.41 | 39 |
Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 54±11 | 25.2 | 3.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 47 |
Semolina | | | | | | |
Semolina, roasted at 105 °C then gelatinised with water (India) | 55±9 | | | | | |
Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India) | 54±13 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 55±1 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 11 |
Cracked wheat (bulgur/bourghul) | | | | | | |
Bulgur, boiled (Canada) | 46 | | | | | |
Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) | 46 | | | | | |
Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) | 46 | | | | | |
Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) | 53 | | | | | |
mean of four studies | 48±2 | 12.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 26 |
COOKIES | | | | | | |
Arrowroot | | | | | | |
Arrowroot (McCormicks’s, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 63 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 20 |
Arrowroot plus (McCormicks’s, Canada) | 62 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Milk Arrowroot™ (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 69±7 | 12.4 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
mean of three studies | 65±2 | 12.4 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) | 71±6 | 22.7 | 2.1 | 40 | 1.41 | 32 |
Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 57±9 | 18.8 | 2.2 | 50 | 1.76 | 33 |
Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 51±9 | 17.3 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 34 |
Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) | 67±11 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 20 |
COOKIES (DIGESTIVES) | | | | | | |
Digestives (Canada) | 55 | | | | | |
Digestives (Canada) | 59±7 | | | | | |
Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 62 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 59±2 | 9.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, Stockport, UK) | 58 | 9.9 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) | 66±12 | 13.9 | 1.4 | 38 | 1.34 | 21 |
Golden Fruit (Griffin’s Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) | 77±25 | 13.1 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Toronto, Canada) | 74 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Gran’Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) | 28±5 | 6.4 | 1.5 | 30 | 1.06 | 23 |
Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) | 55±6 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) | 50±5 | 7.0 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 14 |
Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) | 62±3 | 12.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Highland Oatmeal™ (Westons biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 55±8 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Highland Oatcakes (Walker’s Shortbread Ltd., Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) | 57 | 8.6 | 1.0 | 25 | 0.88 | 15 |
LU P’tit Déjeuner Chocolat (LU, France) | 42±5 | 14.3 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 34 |
LU P’tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat (LU, France) | 45±5 | 15.8 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
LU P’tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat (LU, France) | 52±3 | 18.2 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
LU P’tit Déjeuner Miel et Pépites Chocolat (LU, France) | 49±8 | 17.2 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
mean of three studies | 49±2 | 17.2 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
Maltmeal wafer (Griffin’s Foods Ltd., New Zealand) | 50±10 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Morning Coffee™ (Arnotts, Australia) | 79±6 | 15.0 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg’s, France) | 57±4 | 13.1 | 1.5 | 35 | 1.23 | 23 |
Oatmeal (Canada) | 54±4 | 9.2 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Oro (Saiwa, Italy) | 61±9 | 19.5 | 2.1 | 40 | 1.41 | 32 |
Oro (Saiwa, Italy) | 67±17 | 21.4 | 2.1 | 40 | 1.41 | 32 |
mean of two studies | 64±3 | 20.5 | 2.1 | 40 | 1.41 | 32 |
Petit LU Normand (LU, France) | 51±3 | 9.7 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) | 48±4 | 8.6 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Prince Energie+ (LU, France) | 73±5 | 12.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Prince fourré chocolat (LU, France) | 53±5 | | | | | |
Prince fourré chocolat (LU, France) | 50±5 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 52±2 | 15.6 | 2.0 | 45 | 1.59 | 30 |
Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) | 49±12 | 17.6 | 2.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 36 |
Prince Petit Déjeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) | 45±6 | 16.2 | 2.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 36 |
Rich Tea (Canada) | 55±4 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Sablé des Flandres (LU, France) | 57±10 | 8.6 | 1.0 | 20 | 0.71 | 15 |
Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) | 64±8 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
Shredded Wheatmeal™ (Arnotts, Australia) | 62±4 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Snack Right Fruit Slice (97% fat-free) (Arnott’s, Australia) | 45±3 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Thé (LU, France) | 41±7 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 20 | 0.71 | 16 |
Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) | 77 | 13.9 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Véritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) | 51±8 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
CRACKERS | | | | | | |
Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., Kitchener, Canada) | 67 | 9.4 | 0.9 | 25 | 0.88 | 14 |
Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, NSW, Australia) | 87±10 | 17.4 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 20 |
Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) | 65±11 | 11.1 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) | 52±8 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Jatz™, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) | 55±5 | 9.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) | 81±9 | 15.4 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
Puffed rice cakes | | | | | | |
Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) | 82±11 | 17.2 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 91±7 | 19.1 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) | 61±5 | 12.8 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
mean of three studies | 78±9 | 16.4 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Rye crispbread | | | | | | |
Rye crispbread (Canada) | 63 | 10.1 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
Ryvita™ (Canada) | 69±10 | 11.0 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) | 59 | 8.9 | 1.0 | 25 | 0.88 | 15 |
Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK) | 63 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
mean of four studies | 64±2 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
Kavli™ Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 71±7 | 11.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 16 |
Sao™, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) | 70±9 | 11.9 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) | 67 | 11.4 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Water cracker | | | | | | |
Water cracker (Canada) | 63±9 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) | 78±11 | 14.0 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
mean of two studies | 71±8 | 12.8 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) | 74 | 12.6 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Vita-wheat™, original, crispbread (Arnott’s, Australia) | 55±4 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.88 | 19 |
DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES | | | | | | |
Custard | | | | | | |
No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 35±2 | 6.0 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 17 |
Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) | 43±10 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 17 |
TRIM™, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd., South Brisbane, Qld, Australia) | 37±4 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 100 | 3.53 | 15 |
mean of three studies | 38±2 | 6.1 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 16 |
Ice cream, Regular/NS8 | | | | | | |
Ice cream, NS (Canada) | 36±8 | | | | | |
Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) | 57 | | | | | |
Ice cream, NS (USA) | 62 | | | | | |
Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) | 68±15 | | | | | |
Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) | 80 | | | | | |
mean of five studies | 61±7 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 13 |
Ice cream, Reduced- or Low-fat | | | | | | |
Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, ‘Light’ (Peter’s, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 50±8 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 6 |
Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2 % fat), Prestige Light rich vanilla (Norco, Lismore, NSW, Australia)6 | 47±5 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Prestige Light traditional toffee (Norco, Australia)6 | 37±4 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 14 |
Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1 % fat), Prestige golden macadamia (Norco, Australia)6 | 39±3 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 50 | 1.76 | 12 |
Ice cream, Premium (high-fat) | | | | | | |
Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia) | 37±3 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 9 |
Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia) | 38±3 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 9 |
Milk, full-fat | | | | | | |
Full-fat (Italy) | 11 | | | | | |
Full-fat (3% fat, Skånemejerier, Malmö, Sweden)6 | 21 | | | | | |
Full-fat (Italy) | 24 | | | | | |
Full-fat cow’s milk, fresh (Dairy Farmers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 31±2 | | | | | |
Full-fat (Canada) | 34±6 | | | | | |
Full-fat (USA) | 40 | | | | | |
mean of five studies | 27±4 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 12 |
Fermented cow’s milk (ropy milk, långfil, 3% fat) (Arla, Gävle, Sweden)6 | 11 | | | | | |
Fermented cow’s milk (filmjölk, 3% fat) (Skånemejerier, Malmö, Sweden)6 | 11 | | | | | |
mean of two foods | 11 | | | | | |
Milk, full-fat, plus bran | | | | | | |
Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy) | 25 | | | | | |
Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy) | 28 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 27±2 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 12 |
Milk, skim (Canada) | 32±5 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 13 |
Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 61±6 | 16.5 | 1.8 | 50 | 8.82 | 27 |
Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite White™ (Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 24±6 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 250 | 8.82 | 15 |
Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite White™ (Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 34±4 | 8.8 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water | | | | | | |
Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36±4 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 31±4 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 11 |
Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36±4 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 33±5 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 11 |
Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 36±5 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestlé, Australia) | 32±3 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
mean of six foods | 34±1 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 10 |
Pudding | | | | | | |
instant, chocolate, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 47±4 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 16 |
instant, vanilla, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Australia) | 40±4 | 6.4 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 16 |
mean of two foods | 44±4 | 7.0 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 16 |
Yoghurt | | | | | | |
Yoghurt, type NS8 (Canada) | 36±4 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 200 | 7.05 | 9 |
Low-fat yoghurt | | | | | | |
Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, Ski™ (Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 14±4 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 13 |
Low-fat, fruit, sugar, Ski™ (Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 33±7 | 10.2 | 2.1 | 200 | 7.05 | 31 |
Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d’lite™, Dairy Farmers, Australia) | 31±14 | 9.3 | 2.0 | 200 | 7.05 | 30 |
Non-fat yoghurt, sweetened with acesulfame K and Splenda | | | | | | |
Diet Vaalia™, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 23±2 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 200 | 7.05 | 16 |
Diet Vaalia™, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 23±2 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 14 |
Diet Vaalia™, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 25±3 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 13 |
Diet Vaalia™, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 23±2 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 13 |
Diet Vaalia™, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 | 23±2 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 13 |
mean of five foods | 24±1 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 14 |
Reduced-fat yoghurt | | | | | | |
Reduced-fat, Vaalia™, apricot & mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 26±4 | 7.8 | 2.0 | 200 | 7.05 | 30 |
Reduced-fat, Vaalia™, french vanilla (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 26±4 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 200 | 7.05 | 10 |
Reduced-fat, Extra-Lite™, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 28±4 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 200 | 7.05 | 33 |
mean of three foods | 27±1 | 6.5 | 1.6 | 200 | 7.05 | 24 |
Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, Vaalia™, tropical passionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 | 38±4 | 11.0 | 1.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 29 |
Soy-based dairy product alternatives | | | | | | |
Soy milks (containing maltodextrin) | | | | | | |
Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 0 mg calcium, Original (So Natural Foods, Taren Point, NSW, Australia)6 | 44±5 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 17 |
Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 36±4 | 6.5 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 44±3 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 17 |
Soy milk drinks | | | | | | |
Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 30±3 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 22 |
Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 34±3 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 25 |
mean of two drinks | 32±2 | 7.4 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Up & Go™, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Berkeley Vale, NSW, Australia) | 43±5 | 11.2 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Up & Go™, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Australia) | 46±5 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 24 |
mean of two drinks | 45±2 | 11.3 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 25 |
Xpress™, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia) | 39±2 | 13.3 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 34 |
Soy yoghurt | | | | | | |
Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 | 50±3 | 13.0 | 1.7 | 200 | 7.05 | 26 |
Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) | 115±14 | 10.4 | 0.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 9 |
FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS | | | | | | |
Apples, raw | | | | | | |
Apple, NS8 (Denmark) | 28 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)6 | 32±4 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Apple, NS8 (Canada) | 34 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 16 |
Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) | 39±3 | 6.2 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 16 |
Apple, NS8 (USA) | 40 | 6.4 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 16 |
Apple, NS8 (Italy) | 44 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
mean of six studies | 38±2 | 5.7 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
Apple juice | | | | | | |
Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, SA, Australia) | 39±5 | 9.8 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 25 |
Apple juice, unsweetened (USA) | 40 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) | 41 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 250 | 8.82 | 30 |
mean of three studies | 40±1 | 11.2 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 28 |
Apple, dried (Australia) | 29±5 | 9.9 | 2.3 | 60 | 2.12 | 34 |
Apricots | | | | | | |
Apricots, raw, NS8 (Italy) | 57 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 120 | 4.23 | 9 |
Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada ) | 64 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 19 |
Apricots, dried (Australia) | 30±7 | 8.1 | 1.8 | 60 | 2.12 | 27 |
Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) | 32 | 9.6 | 2.0 | 60 | 2.12 | 30 |
mean of two studies | 31±1 | 8.7 | 1.9 | 60 | 2.12 | 28 |
Apricot fruit bar, pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) | 50±8 | 17.0 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 34 |
Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, Para Hills, SA, Australia) | 55±7 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 13 |
Apricot Fruity Bitz™, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Australia) | 42±3 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.53 | 12 |
Banana, raw | | | | | | |
Banana (Canada) | 46 | 11.5 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana (Italy) | 58 | 13.3 | 1.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 23 |
Banana (Canada) | 58 | 14.5 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana (Canada) | 62±9 | 15.5 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana (South Africa) | 70±5 | 16.1 | 1.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 23 |
Banana, ripe (all yellow) (USA) | 51 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana, under-ripe (Denmark) | 30 | 6.3 | 1.4 | 120 | 4.23 | 21 |
Banana, slightly under-ripe (yellow with green sections) (USA) | 42 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown) (USA) | 48 | 12.0 | 1.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 25 |
Banana, over-ripe (Denmark) | 52 | 10.4 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 20 |
mean of 10 studies | 52±4 | 12.5 | 1.6 | 120 | 4.23 | 24 |
Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz Kidz™ (H J Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) | 61±11 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), raw (Australia)6 | 68 | 18.4 | 1.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 27 |
Cherries, raw, NS8 (Canada) | 22 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)6 | 40 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 29 |
Cranberry juice | | | | | | |
Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) | 52±3 | 16.1 | 2.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 31 |
Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) | 68±3 | 23.8 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 35 |
Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray® (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) | 56±4 | 16.2 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) | 54±2 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 19 |
Dates, dried (Australia) | 103±21 | 41.2 | 2.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 40 |
Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand (Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 61±6 | 15.9 | 1.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 26 |
Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada) | 55 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 16 |
Grapefruit, raw (Canada) | 25 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) | 48 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 20 |
Grapes, raw | | | | | | |
Grapes, NS8(Canada) | 43 | 7.3 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 17 |
Grapes, NS8 (Italy) | 49 | 9.3 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 19 |
mean of two studies | 46±3 | 8.3 | 1.2 | 120 | 4.23 | 18 |
Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) | 59 | 10.6 | 1.2 | 120 | 4.23 | 18 |
Kiwi fruit, raw | | | | | | |
Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)6 | 47±4 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
Kiwi fruit (Australia)6 | 58±7 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
mean of two studies | 53±6 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) | 79±8 | 15.8 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 20 |
Mango, raw | | | | | | |
Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)6 | 41 | 8.2 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 20 |
Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)6 | 51±3 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India)11 | 60±16 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
mean of three studies | 51±5 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 17 |
Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, Frutia™ (Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Qld, Australia) | 42±3 | 9.7 | 1.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 23 |
Marmalade, orange (Australia) | 48±9 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Oranges, raw | | | | | | |
Oranges, NS8 (Denmark) | 31 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Oranges, NS8 (South Africa) | 33±6 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 10 |
Oranges, NS8 (Canada) | 40±3 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Oranges, NS8 (Italy) | 48 | 5.3 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) | 48 | 5.3 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Oranges NS8 (Canada) | 51 | 5.6 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
mean of six studies | 42±3 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Orange juice | | | | | | |
Orange Juice (Canada) | 46±6 | 12.0 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Quelch brand (Berri Ltd., Australia) | 53±6 | 9.5 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA) | 57±6 | 14.8 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
mean of three studies | 52±3 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 23 |
Paw paw/papaya, raw | | | | | | |
Paw paw (Carica papaya) (Australia)6 | 56±6 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 8 |
Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)11 | 60±16 | 17.4 | 1.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 29 |
Papaya (Carica papaya) (Philippines)6 | 60 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
mean of three studies | 59±1 | 10.0 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 17 |
Peaches | | | | | | |
Peach, raw (Canada) | 28 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Peach, raw (Italy) | 56 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 8 |
mean of two studies | 42±14 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Vic, Australia) | 30±4 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Shepparton, Vic, Australia) | 45±6 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
mean of two studies | 38±8 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, Vic, Australia) | 58±11 | 8.7 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) | 52 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 120 | 4.23 | 18 |
Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia) | 62±9 | 10.5 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 17 |
Pears | | | | | | |
Pear, raw, NS8 (Canada) | 33 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)6 | 34±4 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) | 41 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 8 |
Pear, raw, NS8 (Italy) | 42 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
mean of four studies | 38±2 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia) | 25±6 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 14 |
Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Australia) | 43±15 | 5.6 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) | 44 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
Pineapple | | | | | | |
Pineapple, raw (Australia)6 | 66±7 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 10 |
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)6 | 51 | 8.2 | 1.1 | 120 | 4.23 | 16 |
mean of two studies | 59±8 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 13 |
Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) | 46 | 15.6 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 34 |
Plums | | | | | | |
Plum, raw, NS8 (Canada) | 24 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 120 | 4.23 | 14 |
Plum, raw, NS8 (Italy) | 53 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 120 | 4.23 | 11 |
mean of two studies | 39±15 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 12 |
Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, CA, USA) | 29±4 | 9.6 | 2.2 | 60 | 2.12 | 33 |
Raisins (Canada) | 64±11 | 28.2 | 2.9 | 60 | 2.12 | 44 |
Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)6 | 65±9 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 120 | 4.23 | 6 |
Strawberries, fresh, raw (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 40±7 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 120 | 4.23 | 3 |
Strawberry jam | 51±10 | 10.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 90±12 | 23.4 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Sultanas | 56±11 | 25.2 | 3.0 | 60 | 2.12 | 45 |
Tomato juice, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 | 38±4 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 9 |
Tropical Fruity Bitz™, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) | 41±3 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 15 | 0.53 | 11 |
Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 59±8 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 100 | 3.53 | 21 |
Watermelon, raw (Australia)6 | 72±13 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 120 | 4.23 | 6 |
Wild Berry Fruity Bitz™, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) | 35±4 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.53 | 12 |
INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS | | | | | | |
Formula | | | | | | |
Infasoy™, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)6 | 55±6 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 100 mL | 3.53 | 7 |
Karicare™ gold starter formula with omega plsu LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)6 | 35±5 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 100 mL | 3.53 | 7 |
Nan-1™ infant formula with iron (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 30±6 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 100 mL | 3.53 | 8 |
S-26™ infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)6 | 36±6 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 100 mL | 3.53 | 7 |
Weaning Foods | | | | | | |
Farex™ baby rice (Heinz Wattie’s Ltd., Malvern, Vic, Australia)6 | 95±13 | 5.7 | 0.4 | 87 | 3.07 | 6 |
Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK) | | | | | | |
Apple, apricot and banana cereal6 | 56±8 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 75 | 2.65 | 13 |
Creamed porridge6 | 59±8 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 75 | 2.65 | 9 |
Rice pudding6 | 59±6 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 75 | 2.65 | 11 |
Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie’s Ltd., Australia) | | | | | | |
Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained6 | 67±11 | 4.8 | 0.5 | 120 | 4.23 | 7 |
Sweetcorn and rice6 | 65±13 | 9.7 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
LEGUMES AND NUTS | | | | | | |
Baked Beans | | | | | | |
Baked Beans, canned (Canada) | 40±3 | | | | | |
Baked Beans, canned haricot/navy beans in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chatham, Canada) | 56 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 48±8 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 15 |
Beans, dried, boiled | | | | | | |
Beans, dried, type NS8 (Italy) | 36 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Beans, dried, type NS8 (Italy) | 20 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
mean of two studies | 29±9 | 8.7 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled | | | | | | |
Blackeyed beans (Canada) | 50 | 15.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Blackeyed beans (Canada) | 33±4 | 9.9 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
mean of two studies | 42±9 | 12.6 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Butter Beans | | | | | | |
Butter beans (South Africa) | 28±7 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Butter beans, dried, cooked 1.25 h (South Africa) | 29±8 | 5.8 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Butter beans (Canada) | 36±4 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
mean of three studies | 31±3 | 6.2 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5g sucrose (South Africa) | 30±2 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10g sucrose (South Africa) | 31±2 | 6.2 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15g sucrose (South Africa) | 54±4 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled | | | | | | |
Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, boiled 35 min (Philippines) | 10 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) | 31 | 9.3 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Chickpeas (Canada) | 33 | 9.9 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Chickpeas (Canada) | 36±5 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
mean of four studies | 28±6 | 8.4 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 42 | 9.2 | 1.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 22 |
Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., Scarborough, Canada) | 41 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 16 |
Haricot/Navy beans | | | | | | |
Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) | 29 | 9.6 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 30 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) | 31±6 | 9.3 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) | 39 | 11.7 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Canada) | 59 | 19.5 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
mean of five studies | 38±6 | 11.8 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 31 |
Kidney Beans | | | | | | |
Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) | 13 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India) | 19 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (USA)5 | 23 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) | 23±1 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red, soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) | 25 | 6.3 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (Canada) | 29±8 | 7.3 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 42 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (Canada) | 46 | 11.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
mean of eight studies | 28±4 | 7.0 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) – autoclaved | 34 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 52 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h (India)11 | 70±11 | 17.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) | 20 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Lentils, type NS8 | | | | | | |
Lentils, type NS (USA) | 28 | | | | | |
Lentils, type NS (Canada) | 29±3 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 29±1 | 5.2 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, green | | | | | | |
Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) | 22 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) | 30±15 | 5.4 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) | 37±3 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 14 |
mean of three studies | 30±4 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 52 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Lentils, red | | | | | | |
Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 18 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 21 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 31 | 5.6 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) | 32 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
mean of four studies | 26±4 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) | 32 | 9.6 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Marrowfat peas | | | | | | |
Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA) | 31 | | | | | |
Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) | 47±3 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 39±8 | 7.4 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 19 |
Mung beans | | | | | | |
Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb), soaked, boiled 20 min (Philippines) | 31 | 5.3 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Mung bean, fried (Australia) | 53±8 | | | | | |
Mung bean, germinated (Australia) | 25±4 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) | 42±5 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) | 22 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 9 |
Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), soaked, boiled 45 min (Philippines) | 22 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Pinto beans | | | | | | |
Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 39 | 10.1 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 26 |
Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 45 | 9.9 | 1.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 22 |
Romano beans (Canada) | 46 | 8.3 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Soya beans | | | | | | |
Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) | 15±5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 6 |
Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) | 20±3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 6 |
mean of two studies | 18±3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 6 |
Soya beans, canned (Canada) | 14±2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 6 |
Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) | 32 | 6.1 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 19 |
MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS | | | | | | |
Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Vic, Australia) | 42±7 | 9.2 | 1.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 22 |
L.E.A.N™ products (Usana Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, US) | | | | | | |
L.E.A.N Fibergy™ bar, Harvest Oat | 45±4 | 13.1 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Nutrimeal™, drink powder, Dutch Chocolate | 26±3 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 13 |
L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar™, Peanut Crunch | 30±4 | 5.7 | 1.3 | 40 | 1.41 | 19 |
L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar™, Chocolate Crunch | 32±4 | 6.1 | 1.3 | 40 | 1.41 | 19 |
mean of two Nutri bars | 31±1 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 40 | 1.41 | 19 |
Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrate products (2000 formulations) | | | | | | |
(Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements Inc., Largo, FL, US) | | | | | | |
Designer chocolate, sugar-free6 | 14±3 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 35 | 1.23 | 22 |
Burn-it™ bars | | | | | | |
Chocolate deluxe6 | 29±3 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 8 |
Peanut butter6 | 23±3 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 6 |
Pure-protein™ bars | | | | | | |
Chewy choc-chip6 | 30±4 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 14 |
Chocolate deluxe6 | 38±4 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 13 |
Peanut butter6 | 22±4 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 80 | 2.82 | 9 |
Strawberry shortcake6 | 43±4 | 5.6 | 0.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 13 |
White chocolate mousse6 | 40±4 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 80 | 2.82 | 15 |
Pure-protein™ cookies | | | | | | |
Choc-chip cookie dough6 | 25±3 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 55 | 1.94 | 11 |
Coconut6 | 42±5 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 55 | 1.94 | 9 |
Peanut butter6 | 37±7 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 55 | 1.94 | 9 |
Ultra pure-protein™ shakes | | | | | | |
Cappuccino | 47±6 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 1 |
Frosty chocolate | 37±6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 3 |
Strawberry shortcake | 42±4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 1 |
Vanilla ice cream | 32±5 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 3 |
MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS | | | | | | |
Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) | 46±4 | 7.4 | 1.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 16 |
Fish Fingers (Canada) | 38±6 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 100 | 3.53 | 19 |
Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made (Australia) | 40±5 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 360 | 12.70 | 37 |
Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, cheese and raisins) (Israel) | 65±6 | 31.2 | 3.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 48 |
Lean Cuisine™, French style chicken with rice, reheated (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 36±6 | 24.5 | 4.5 | 400 | 14.11 | 68 |
Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) | 45±6 | 12.2 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Pizza | | | | | | |
Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 60 | 16.2 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy) | 80 | 21.6 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) (Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 36±6 | 8.6 | 1.6 | 100 | 3.53 | 24 |
Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) | 30±4 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 22 |
Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia)6 | 49±6 | 12.3 | 1.7 | 100 | 3.53 | 25 |
Sausages, NS8 (Canada) | 28±6 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 100 | 3.53 | 3 |
Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, home made (Australia) | 66±12 | 35.0 | 3.5 | 360 | 12.70 | 53 |
Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) | 52±9 | 25.0 | 3.2 | 360 | 12.70 | 48 |
Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, home made (Australia) | 73±17 | 54.8 | 5.0 | 360 | 12.70 | 75 |
Sushi | | | | | | |
Sushi, salmon (from ‘I Love Sushi’ chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 48±8 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 100 | 3.53 | 36 |
Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) | 55 | 20.4 | 2.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 37 |
Mean of two studies | 52±4 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 37 |
White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) | 27 | 13.5 | 3.3 | 440 | 15.52 | 50 |
White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese and butter (France) | 22 | 11.0 | 3.3 | 440 | 15.52 | 50 |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 25±2 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 440 | 15.52 | 50 |
White bread with toppings | | | | | | |
White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular cow’s milk and fresh cucumber (Sweden)6 | 55 | 37.4 | 4.5 | 200 | 7.05 | 68 |
White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and pickled cucumber (Sweden)6 | 39 | 10.9 | 1.9 | 200 | 7.05 | 28 |
White bread with butter (Canada) | 59 | 28.3 | 3.2 | 100 | 3.53 | 48 |
White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) | 55 | 25.9 | 3.1 | 100 | 3.53 | 47 |
White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada) | 62 | 23.6 | 2.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 38 |
White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) | 51 | 22.4 | 2.9 | 100 | 3.53 | 44 |
White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) | 67 | 29.5 | 2.9 | 100 | 3.53 | 44 |
mean of two studies | 59±8 | 26.0 | 2.9 | 100 | 3.53 | 44 |
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS | | | | | | |
Choicedm™, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, US) | 23±4 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 237mL | 8.36 | 24 |
Enercal Plus™, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc., Madison, NJ, US) | 61±13 | 24.4 | 2.7 | 237mL | 8.36 | 40 |
Ensure™ (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, NSW, Australia) | 50±8 | 20.0 | 2.7 | 237mL | 8.36 | 40 |
Ensure™, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) | 48±3 | 16.3 | 2.3 | 250mL | 8.82 | 34 |
Ensure™ bar, chocolate fudge brownie (Abbott Australasia) | 43±3 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 38 | 1.34 | 20 |
Ensure Plus™, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) | 40±4 | 18.8 | 3.1 | 237mL | 8.36 | 47 |
Ensure Pudding™, old fashioned vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., Ashland, OH, USA) | 36±4 | 9.4 | 1.7 | 113 | 3.99 | 26 |
Glucerna™, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)6 | 31±2 | 7.1 | 1.5 | 237mL | 8.36 | 23 |
Jevity™ (Abbott Australasia) | 48±3 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 237mL | 8.36 | 36 |
Resource Diabetic™, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp., Young America, MN, USA)6 | 34±3 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 237mL | 8.36 | 23 |
Resource Diabetic™, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) | 16±4 | 6.6 | 2.7 | 237mL | 8.36 | 41 |
Resource™ thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) | 47±9 | 18.3 | 2.6 | 237mL | 8.36 | 39 |
Resource™ thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) | 54±7 | 19.4 | 2.4 | 237mL | 8.36 | 36 |
Resource™ fruit beverage, peach flavour (Novartis, New Zealand) | 40±8 | 16.4 | 2.7 | 237mL | 8.36 | 41 |
Sustagen™, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) | 31±4 | 12.7 | 2.7 | 250mL | 8.82 | 41 |
Sustagen™ Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) | 33±4 | 14.5 | 2.9 | 250mL | 8.82 | 44 |
Sustagen™ Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) | 27±3 | 12.7 | 3.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 47 |
Ultracal™ with fiber (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA) | 40 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 237 mL | 8.36 | 29 |
PASTA and NOODLES | | | | | | |
Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 45 | 20.3 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) | 78±10 | 32.8 | 2.8 | 180 | 6.35 | 42 |
Fettucine, egg | | | | | | |
Fettucine, egg | 32±4 | 14.7 | 3.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 46 |
Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Vic, Australia) | 47±6 | 21.6 | 3.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 46 |
mean of two studies | 40±8 | 18.4 | 3.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 46 |
Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) | 54 | 22.7 | 2.8 | 180 | 6.35 | 42 |
Gnocchi, NS8 (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd., Mt. Waverley, Vic, Australia) | 68±9 | 32.6 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Instant noodles | | | | | | |
Instant ‘two-minute’ noodles, Maggi® (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 46±5 | | | | | |
Instant ‘two-minute’ noodles, Maggi® (Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand) | 48±8 | | | | | |
Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) | 47 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 47±1 | 18.8 | 2.7 | 180 | 6.35 | 40 |
Linguine | | | | | | |
Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) | 43 | 20.6 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden) | 48 | 23.0 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
mean of two studies | 46±3 | 22.1 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) | 49 | 23.5 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) | 61 | 29.3 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg, (Sweden) | 45 | 18.5 | 2.7 | 180 | 6.35 | 41 |
Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden) | 53 | 21.7 | 2.7 | 180 | 6.35 | 41 |
mean of four studies | 52±3 | 23.4 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
Mung bean noodles | | | | | | |
Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) | 26 | 11.7 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China) | 39±9 | 17.6 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
mean of two studies | 33±7 | | | | | |
Macaroni | | | | | | |
Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 45 | 22.1 | 3.3 | 180 | 6.35 | 49 |
Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) | 48 | 23.5 | 3.3 | 180 | 6.35 | 49 |
mean of two studies | 47±2 | 22.6 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Canada Inc., Don Mills, Ontario) | 64 | 32.6 | 3.4 | 180 | 6.35 | 51 |
Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled (Australia) | 39±1 | 14.8 | 2.5 | 180 | 6.35 | 38 |
Rice noodles/pasta | | | | | | |
Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) | 61±6 | 23.8 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 40±4 | 15.6 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min (Rice Grower’s Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) | 92±8 | 35.0 | 2.5 | 180 | 6.35 | 38 |
Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris’O’Mais (Orgran Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) | 76±6 | 37.2 | 3.3 | 180 | 6.35 | 49 |
Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, China) | 58 | 22.6 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Spaghetti | | | | | | |
Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, canned in tomato sauce (Orgran Foods, Australia) | 68±9 | 18.4 | 1.8 | 220 | 7.76 | 27 |
Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min (Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada) | 27 | 14.0 | 3.5 | 180 | 6.35 | 52 |
Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min | | | | | | |
Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 32 | 15.4 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 5 min (Canada) | 34 | 16.3 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 5 min (Canada) | 40 | 19.2 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 5 min (Middle East) | 44 | 21.1 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
mean of four studies | 38±3 | 18.2 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min | | | | | | |
White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salty water (Barilla, Parma, Italy)12 | 58 | 27.8 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min (Starhushålls, Kungsörnen AB, Järna, Sweden) | 47 | 22.6 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) | 53 | 25.4 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 32 | 15.4 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 36 | 17.3 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled 15 min (Canada) | 41 | 19.7 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White, boiled 15 min in salted water (Unico, Concord, Canada) | 44±3 | 21.1 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
mean of seven studies | 44±3 | 21.1 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Spaghetti, white or type NS8, boiled 20 min | | | | | | |
White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) | 58±7 | 25.5 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) | 64±15 | 27.5 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 43 |
mean of two studies | 61±3 | 26.8 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
Spaghetti, white, boiled | | | | | | |
White (Denmark) | 33 | 15.8 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada) | 34 | 16.3 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White (Australia) | 38 | 16.7 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
White (Canada) | 42 | 20.2 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White (Canada) | 48 | 23.0 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) | 49±7 | 21.6 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
White (Canada) | 50±8 | 24.0 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
mean of seven studies | 42±3 | 19.7 | 3.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 47 |
Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) | | | | | | |
Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min | 59±15 | 28.3 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min | 65±15 | 31.2 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min | 46±10 | 22.1 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
mean of three cooking times | 57±6 | 27.4 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled | | | | | | |
Wholemeal (USA) | 32 | 14.1 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
Wholemeal (Canada) | 42±4 | 16.8 | 2.7 | 180 | 6.35 | 40 |
mean of two studies | 37±5 | 15.5 | 2.8 | 180 | 6.35 | 42 |
Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al denté texture (Vetta, Australia) | 43±10 | 18.9 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free (Orgran Foods, Australia) | 29±6 | 9.0 | 2.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 31 |
Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 minutes (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) | 38 | 18.2 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestlé, Don Mills, Canada) | 50 | 10.5 | 1.4 | 180 | 6.35 | 21 |
Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 | 62±8 | 29.8 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Vermicelli, white, boiled (Australia) | 35±7 | 15.4 | 2.9 | 180 | 6.35 | 44 |
SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY | | | | | | |
Burger Rings™, barbeque-flavored (Smith’s Snack Food Co., Chatswood, NSW, Australia) | 90±16 | 27.9 | 2.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 31 |
Chocolate, milk, plain | | | | | | |
Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)6 | 34±5 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 22 |
Chocolate, milk (Cadbury’s Confectionery, Ringwood, Vic, Australia) | 49±6 | 14.7 | 2.0 | 50 | 1.76 | 30 |
Chocolate, milk, Dove® (Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Vic, Australia) | 45±8 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 50 | 1.76 | 30 |
Chocolate, milk (Nestlé, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 42±8 | 13.0 | 2.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 31 |
mean of four studies | 43±3 | 12.0 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 28 |
Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)6 | 35±16 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 22 |
Chocolate, white, Milky Bar® (Nestlé, Australia) | 44±6 | 12.8 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Corn chips | | | | | | |
Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos™ original, Smith’s Snack Food Co., Australia, 1998) | 42±4 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 25 |
Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos™ original, Smith’s Snack Food Co., Australia, 1985) | 72 | 18.0 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 25 |
Nachips™ (Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada) | 74 | 21.5 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
mean of three studies | 63±10 | 16.4 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 26 |
Fruit Bars | | | | | | |
Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry) (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) | 50±8 | 17.0 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 34 |
Heinz Kidz™ Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) | 61±11 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby’s, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) | 90±12 | 23.4 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 26 |
Roll-Ups®, processed fruit snack (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 99±12 | 24.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Fruity Bitz™, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snacks | | | | | | |
Fruity Bitz™, apricot (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Australia) | 42±3 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.53 | 12 |
Fruity Bitz™, berry (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) | 35±4 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.53 | 12 |
Fruity Bitz™, tropical (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) | 41±3 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 15 | 0.53 | 11 |
mean of three flavours | 39±2 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.53 | 12 |
Jelly beans | | | | | | |
Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen’s, Nestle, Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 80±8 | | | | | |
Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) | 76±6 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 78±2 | 21.8 | 1.9 | 30 | 1.06 | 28 |
Kudos Whole Grain Bars, chocolate chip (M & M/Mars, Hackettstown, NJ, USA) | 62±8 | 19.8 | 2.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 32 |
Life Savers®, peppermint candy (Nestlé, Australia) | 70±6 | 21.0 | 2.0 | 30 | 1.06 | 30 |
M & M’s®, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 33±3 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Mars Bar® | | | | | | |
Mars Bar® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 62±8 | 24.8 | 2.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 40 |
Mars Bar® (M&M/Mars, USA) | 68±12 | 27.2 | 2.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 40 |
mean of two studies | 65±3 | 26.0 | 2.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 40 |
Muesli bar containing dried fruit (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 61±7 | 12.8 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.06 | 21 |
Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain) | 32 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 30 | 1.06 | 12 |
Nutella®, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson’s Point, NSW, Australia) | 33±4 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 20 | 0.71 | 12 |
Nuts | | | | | | |
Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)6 | 22±5 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 13 |
Peanuts | | | | | | |
Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)6 | 7±4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 4 |
Peanuts (Canada)6 | 13±6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 7 |
Peanuts (Mexico)6 | 23 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 50 | 1.76 | 7 |
mean of three studies | 14±8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 6 |
Popcorn | | | | | | |
Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Green’s Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) | 55±7 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 20 | 0.71 | 11 |
Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) | 89 | 9.8 | 0.7 | 20 | 0.71 | 11 |
mean of two studies | 72±17 | 7.9 | 0.7 | 20 | 0.71 | 11 |
Pop Tarts™, double choc (Kellogg’s, Pagewood, NSW, Australia) | 70±2 | 24.5 | 2.3 | 50 | 1.76 | 35 |
Potato crisps | | | | | | |
Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott’s, Homebush, NSW, Australia) | 57 | 10.3 | 1.2 | 50 | 1.76 | 18 |
Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) | 51±7 | 12.2 | 1.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 24 |
mean of two studies | 54±3 | 11.3 | 1.4 | 50 | 1.76 | 21 |
Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavour (Parker’s, Smith’s Snack Food Co., Australia) | 83±9 | 16.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Skittles® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 70±5 | 31.5 | 3.0 | 50 | 1.76 | 45 |
Snack bars | | | | | | |
Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) | 40±8 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Snack bar, Peanut Butter & Choc-Chip (Con Agra Inc., USA) | 37±6 | 10.0 | 1.8 | 50 | 1.76 | 27 |
Snickers Bar® | | | | | | |
Snickers Bar® (Mars Confectionery, Australia) | 41±5 | 14.8 | 2.4 | 60 | 2.12 | 36 |
Snickers Bar® (M&M/Mars, USA) | 68 | 23.1 | 2.3 | 60 | 2.12 | 34 |
mean of two studies | 55±14 | 19.3 | 2.3 | 60 | 2.12 | 35 |
Twisties™, cheese-flavoured, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith’s Snackfood Co., Australia) | 74±5 | 21.5 | 1.9 | 50 | 1.76 | 29 |
Twix® Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) | 44±6 | 17.2 | 2.6 | 60 | 2.12 | 39 |
SPORTS BARS | | | | | | |
Power Bar® | | | | | | |
Power Bar®, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) | 58±5 | | | | | |
Power Bar®, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) | 53 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 56±3 | 23.5 | 2.8 | 65 | 2.29 | 42 |
Ironman PR bar®, chocolate (PR Nutrition, San Diego, CA, USA) | 39 | 10.1 | 1.7 | 65 | 2.29 | 26 |
SOUPS | | | | | | |
Black Bean (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) | 64 | 17.3 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 66 | 27.1 | 2.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 41 |
Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) | 44 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 250 | 8.82 | 21 |
Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle™ (Campbell’s Soups, Homebush, NSW, Australia)6 | 39±3 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) | 1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 9 |
Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) | 60 | 16.2 | 1.8 | 250 | 8.82 | 27 |
Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers) | 20 | | | | | |
Tomato soup (Canada) | 38±9 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 17 |
SUGARS AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS | | | | | | |
Blue Agave cactus nectar, high-fructose | | | | | | |
Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)6 | 11±1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.35 | 8 |
Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., USA)6 | 10±1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.35 | 8 |
Fructose | | | | | | |
25g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada)6 | 11 | | | | | |
50g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada) | 12 | | | | | |
50g portion | 20±5 | | | | | |
50g portion | 21 | | | | | |
50g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) | 24 | | | | | |
25g portion, fed with oats28 | 25 | | | | | |
mean of six studies | 19±2 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Glucose | | | | | | |
50 g portion (dextrose) | 85 | | | | | |
25g portion, fed with oats28 | 92 | | | | | |
50 g portion | 93 | | | | | |
50 g portion (dextrose) | 96 | | | | | |
50 g portion | 96 | | | | | |
50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 96 | | | | | |
50 g portion | 100 | | | | | |
50 g portion (Glucodin™ glucose tablets, Boots, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) | 102±9 | | | | | |
25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)6 | 103 | | | | | |
50 g portion (dextrose) | 111 | | | | | |
100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)12 | 114 | | | | | |
mean of 11 studies | 99±3 | 9.9 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) | | | | | | |
25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng5 | 78 | 7.8 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min after 3 g dried ginseng5 | 80 | | | | | |
25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 3 g dried ginseng5 | 76 | | | | | |
mean in two groups of subjects | 78±2 | 7.8 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Glucose consumed with gum/fiber | | | | | | |
46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract (FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) (total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g) | 79±3 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.35 | 8 |
50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum | 62 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat ß-glucan) | 57 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum7 | 85 | 8.5 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Glucose consumed with a mixed meal | | | | | | |
30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France)(sulphonylureas not taken) | 55 | | | | | |
30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France)(sulphonylureas not taken) | 57 | | | | | |
mean in two groups of subjects | 56±1 | 19.6 | 2.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 35 |
Honey | | | | | | |
Locust honey (Romania)6 | 32 | 6.7 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Yellow box (46% fructose) (Australia)6 | 35±4 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Stringy Bark (52% fructose) (Australia)6 | 44±4 | 9.2 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Red Gum (35% fructose) (Australia)6 | 46±3 | 8.3 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Iron Bark (34% fructose) (Australia)6 | 48±3 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 25 | 0.88 | 15 |
Yapunya (42 % fructose) (Australia)6 | 52±5 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 25 | 0.88 | 17 |
Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, Australia) | 58±6 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
Commercial Blend (38% fructose) (WA blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 | 62±3 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Salvation Jane (32% fructose) (Australia)6 | 64±5 | 9.6 | 1.0 | 25 | 0.88 | 15 |
Commercial Blend (28% fructose) (NSW blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 | 72±6 | 9.4 | 0.9 | 25 | 0.88 | 13 |
Honey, NS8 (Canada)6 | 87±8 | 18.3 | 1.4 | 25 | 0.88 | 21 |
mean of 11 types of honey | 55±5 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.88 | 18 |
Lactose | | | | | | |
50 g lactose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) | 43 | | | | | |
25 g lactose (BDH, Poole, UK)6 | 48 | | | | | |
25 g lactose28 | 48 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 46±2 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
50 g maltose | 105±12 | 10.5 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Sucrose | | | | | | |
50 g sucrose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) | 58 | | | | | |
50 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) | 58 | | | | | |
50 g sucrose | 59±10 | | | | | |
50 g sucrose | 60 | | | | | |
25 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)6 | 60 | | | | | |
25 g sucrose28 | 64 | | | | | |
50 g sucrose | 65±9 | | | | | |
100 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)12 | 65 | | | | | |
30 g sucrose29 | 82 | | | | | |
25 g sucrose6 | 110±21 | | | | | |
mean of 10 studies | 68±5 | 6.8 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds | | | | | | |
Lactitol | | | | | | |
25 g lactitol30 | -1±7 | | | | | |
25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Redhill, Surrey, UK)30 | 3±1 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 2±3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Litesse | | | | | | |
25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | 7±2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | 4±2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents | | | | | | |
25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 | 30±12 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 | 44±11 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 | 73±29 | 7.3 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 | 89±28 | 8.9 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
Xylitol | | | | | | |
25 g xylitol30 | 7±7 | | | | | |
25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 | 8±2 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 8±1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.35 | 10 |
VEGETABLES | | | | | | |
Green peas | | | | | | |
Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 | 39 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 7 |
Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 | 51±6 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 7 |
Pea, green (Pisum Sativum) (India)11 | 54±14 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 7 |
mean of three studies | 48±5 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 7 |
Pumpkin (South Africa) | 75±9 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 80 | 2.82 | 4 |
Sweet corn | | | | | | |
Sweet corn, ‘Honey & Pearl’ variety (New Zealand) | 37±12 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 80 | 2.82 | 16 |
Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Sydney, Australia) | 48 | 7.7 | 1.1 | 80 | 2.82 | 16 |
Sweet corn (Canada) | 59±11 | 10.6 | 1.2 | 80 | 2.82 | 18 |
Sweet corn, boiled (USA) | 60 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 80 | 2.82 | 18 |
Sweet corn, boiled (USA) | 60 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 80 | 2.82 | 18 |
Sweet corn (South Africa) | 62±5 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 80 | 2.82 | 18 |
mean of six studies | 54±4 | 9.2 | 1.1 | 80 | 2.82 | 17 |
Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA) | 46 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 80 | 2.82 | 14 |
Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) | 47 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 80 | 2.82 | 15 |
VEGETABLES, ROOT | | | | | | |
Beetroot (Canada)6 | 64±16 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 7 |
Carrots | | | | | | |
Carrots, raw (Romania)5,6 | 16 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 80 | 2.82 | 8 |
Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 32±5 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 80 | 2.82 | 5 |
Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 49±2 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 80 | 2.82 | 5 |
Carrots, NS8 (Canada)6 | 92±20 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 80 | 2.82 | 6 |
mean of four studies | 47±16 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 80 | 2.82 | 6 |
Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) | 46 | 12.4 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Parsnips (Canada)6 | 97±19 | 11.6 | 0.8 | 80 | 2.82 | 12 |
Potato | | | | | | |
Baked potato | | | | | | |
Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) | 60 | 18.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Baked Potato, Russet Burbank potatoes | | | | | | |
Russet, baked without fat (Canada) | 56 | | | | | |
Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA) | 78 | | | | | |
Russet, baked without fat (USA) | 94 | | | | | |
Russet, baked without fat (USA) | 111 | | | | | |
mean of four studies | 85±12 | 25.5 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Boiled potato | | | | | | |
Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 101±15 | 17.2 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Nardine (New Zealand) | 70±17 | 17.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 58 | 15.7 | 1.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 27 |
Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) | 56 | 14.6 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 26 |
Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 88±9 | 15.8 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 63 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) | 87±7 | 14.8 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Boiled/cooked potato, white/Type NS8 | | | | | | |
Type NS (Kenya, Africa) | 24 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
White, cooked (Romania)5 | 41 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
White, boiled (Canada) | 54 | 14.6 | 1.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 27 |
Type NS, boiled (Australia) | 56 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 19 |
Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) | 76 | 25.8 | 2.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 34 |
mean of five studies | 50±9 | 14.0 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) | 23 | 7.8 | 2.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 34 |
Canned potatoes | | | | | | |
Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave (Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada) | 61 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny Taters™, Edgell’s, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) | 65±9 | 11.7 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
mean of two studies | 63±2 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
French Fries | | | | | | |
French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) | 75 | 21.8 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 29 |
Instant Mashed potato | | | | | | |
Instant (France) | 74±12 | | | | | |
Instant (Canada) | 80±13 | | | | | |
Instant (Edgell’s Potato Whip, Edgell’s, Australia) | 86 | | | | | |
Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, Canada) | 86 | | | | | |
Instant (Canada) | 88 | | | | | |
Instant mashed potato (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) | 97±6 | | | | | |
mean of six studies | 85±3 | 17.0 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Mashed potato | | | | | | |
Type NS8 (Canada) | 67 | | | | | |
Type NS8 (South Africa) | 71±10 | | | | | |
Type NS8 (France) | 83 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 74±5 | 14.8 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Canada) | 73 | 13.1 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) | 91±9 | 18.2 | 1.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 20 |
Microwaved potato | | | | | | |
Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high for 6-7.5 min (Australia) | 79±9 | 14.2 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Type NS8, microwaved (USA) | 82 | 27.1 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
New Potato | | | | | | |
New (Canada) | 47 | | | | | |
New (Canada) | 54 | | | | | |
New (Canada) | 70±8 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 57±7 | 12.0 | 1.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 21 |
New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) | 78±12 | 16.4 | 1.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 21 |
Steamed potato | | | | | | |
Potato, peeled, steamed 1 h (Solanum Tuberosum) (India)11 | 65±11 | 17.6 | 1.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 27 |
Potato dumplings (white wheat flour, white potatoes, boiled in salted water (Italy)) | 52 | 23.4 | 3.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 45 |
Sweet potato | | | | | | |
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (Australia) | 44 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Sweet potato, NS8 (Canada) | 48±6 | 16.3 | 2.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 34 |
Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) | 59 | 17.7 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 77±12 | 19.3 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 78±6 | 19.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
mean of five studies | 61±7 | 17.1 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Swede | | | | | | |
Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)6 | 72±8 | 7.2 | 0.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 10 |
Tapioca | | | | | | |
Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) | 81 | 14.6 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)11 | 70±10 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Taro | | | | | | |
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) | 54 | | | | | |
Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 56±12 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 55±1 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 8 |
Yam | | | | | | |
Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 25±4 | | | | | |
Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 35±5 | | | | | |
Yam (Canada) | 51±12 | | | | | |
mean of three studies | 37±8 | 13.3 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS | | | | | | |
AFRICAN | | | | | | |
Brown beans (South Africa) | 24±8 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 25 |
Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) | 46 | 12.4 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) (Ghana)31 | 12±1 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 13 |
Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) (Ghana)31 | 56±3 | 15.1 | 1.8 | 100 | 3.53 | 27 |
Gram dhal (South Africa) | 5±3 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 29 |
Maize meal porridge, unrefined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) | 71±6 | 25.6 | 2.4 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 36 |
Maize meal porridge, refined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) | 74±7 | 29.6 | 2.7 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 40 |
Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) | 109 | 41.4 | 2.5 | 50 (dry) | 1.76 | 38 |
M’fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) | 68±8 | 34.0 | 3.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 50 |
Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) | 107 | | | | | |
Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (Ghana)31 | 40±4 | 13.6 | 2.3 | 120 (raw) | 4.23 | 34 |
Yam (Dyscoria species) (Ghana)31 | 66 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
ARABIC AND TURKISH | | | | | | |
Hoummous (chickpea salad dip) | 6±4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 5 |
Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) | 61±16 | 9.2 | 1.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 15 |
Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hoummous, falafel and tabbouleh | 86±12 | 38.7 | 3.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 45 |
Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) | 24±5 | 9.8 | 2.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 41 |
Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, vegetables) | 58±9 | 16.8 | 1.9 | 250 | 8.82 | 29 |
Stuffed Grapevine Leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce) | 30±11 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 100 | 3.53 | 15 |
Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, green pepper) | 20 | | | | | |
Turkish bread, white wheat flour | 87 | 14.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 17 |
Turkish bread, whole wheat | 49 | 7.8 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.06 | 16 |
Turkish noodle soup | 1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 250 | 8.82 | 9 |
ASIAN | | | | | | |
Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 86±10 | 37.0 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) | 79 | 40.3 | 3.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 51 |
Curry rice (Japan) | 67 | 40.9 | 4.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 61 |
Curry rice with cheese (Japan) | 55 | 27.0 | 3.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 49 |
Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok, Thailand) | 98±7 | 31.4 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 32 |
Glutinous rice NS8 (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan) | 86 | 55.9 | 4.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 65 |
Mean of two studies | 92±6 | 44.2 | 3.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 48 |
Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake (mochi) (Japan) | 48 | 13.4 | 1.9 | 75 | 2.65 | 28 |
Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) | 83 | 32.4 | 2.6 | 75 | 2.65 | 39 |
Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with roasted ground soybean (Japan) | 65 | 26.7 | 2.7 | 100 | 3.53 | 41 |
Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) | 109±10 | 45.8 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) | 70 | 42.0 | 4.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 60 |
Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) | 26 | 11.7 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
Lychee, canned in syrup, drained (Narcissus brand, China) | 79±8 | 15.8 | 1.3 | 120 | 4.23 | 20 |
Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) | 39±9 | 17.6 | 3.0 | 180 | 6.35 | 45 |
Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink (Yamato Nousan, Japan) | 68 | 34.0 | 3.3 | 100 | 3.53 | 50 |
Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) | 91 | 22.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) | 81 | 15.4 | 1.3 | 250 | 8.82 | 19 |
Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) | 61±6 | 23.8 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) | 40±4 | 15.6 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) | 58 | 22.6 | 2.6 | 180 | 6.35 | 39 |
Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) | 77 | 20.8 | 1.8 | 75 | 2.65 | 27 |
Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) | 80 | 20.8 | 1.7 | 75 | 2.65 | 26 |
Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, served with soup (Japan) | 46 | 22.5 | 3.3 | 180 | 6.35 | 49 |
Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, home made (Australia) | 73±17 | 54.8 | 5.0 | 360 | 12.70 | 75 |
Sushi, salmon (‘I Love Sushi’ chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 | 48±8 | 17.3 | 2.4 | 100 | 3.53 | 36 |
Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) | 55 | 20.4 | 2.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 37 |
Mean of two studies | 52±4 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 37 |
Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 | 62±8 | 29.8 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) | 48 | 22.6 | 3.1 | 180 | 6.35 | 47 |
Mean of two studies | 55±7 | 26.4 | 3.2 | 180 | 6.35 | 48 |
White rice, dried sea algae and milk, eaten together (Japan) | 57 | | | | | |
White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten before rice) (Japan) | 56 | | | | | |
White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten after rice) (Japan) | 55 | | | | | |
Mean of three types | 56±1 | 26.3 | 3.1 | 300 | 10.58 | 47 |
White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) | 79 | 39.5 | 3.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 50 |
White rice with fermented soybean (natto) (Japan) | 56 | 24.1 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
White rice with instant miso soup (soybean paste soup) (Japan) | 61 | 28.7 | 3.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 47 |
White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) | 69 | 32.4 | 3.1 | 300 | 10.58 | 47 |
White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten before rice) (Japan) | 59 | | | | | |
White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten together (Japan) | 58 | | | | | |
Mean of two types | 59±1 | 18.9 | 2.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 32 |
White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan) | 63 | | | | | |
White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan) | 61 | | | | | |
Mean of two types | 62±1 | 26.7 | 2.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 43 |
White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) | 72 | 25.9 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) | 56 | 28.6 | 3.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 51 |
White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) | 80 | 39.2 | 3.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 49 |
White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted sea algae (Japan) | 77 | 39.3 | 3.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 51 |
ASIAN INDIAN | | | | | | |
Amaranth, Amaranthus esculentum, popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener | 97±19 | 18.4 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 19 |
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum),eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour | 55±13 | | | | | |
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) | 49 | | | | | |
Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) | 67 | | | | | |
Mean of three studies | 57±5 | 28.5 | 3.3 | 75 (dry) | 2.65 | 50 |
Banana, (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h 11 | 70±11 | 31.5 | 3.0 | 120 | 4.23 | 45 |
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | 48 | | | | | |
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | 37 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 43±6 | 15.9 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 37 |
Bengal gram dhal, chickpea | 11 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Black gram, (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 | 43±10 | 7.7 | 1.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 18 |
Chapatti | | | | | | |
Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75) composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry | 66±10 | 19.8 | 2.0 | 60 | 2.12 | 30 |
Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50) composite flour, served with bottle gourd amd tomato curry | 76±20 | 22.8 | 2.0 | 60 | 2.12 | 30 |
Chapatti, baisen | 27 | | | | | |
Chapatti, bajra | 67 | | | | | |
Chapatti, bajra | 49 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 58±9 | | | | | |
Chapatti, barley | 37 | | | | | |
Chapatti, barley | 48 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 42±5 | | | | | |
Chapatti, maize, (Zea mays) | 64 | | | | | |
Chapatti, maize, (Zea mays) | 59 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 62±3 | | | | | |
Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry | 66±9 | 21.1 | 2.1 | 60 | 2.12 | 32 |
Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius)and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) | 66±9 | 25.1 | 2.5 | 60 | 2.12 | 38 |
Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean and bengal gram | 40±8 | 14.4 | 2.4 | 60 | 2.12 | 36 |
Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean and bengal gram | 60±9 | 22.8 | 2.5 | 60 | 2.12 | 38 |
Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal | 81±4 | 40.5 | 3.3 | 200 | 7.05 | 50 |
Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal | 44±3 | 22.0 | 3.3 | 200 | 7.05 | 50 |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 63±19 | 31.5 | 3.3 | 200 | 7.05 | 50 |
Cheela (thin savoury pancake made from legume flour batter) | | | | | | |
Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) | 42±1 | 11.8 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), fermented batter | 36±1 | 10.1 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus) | 45±1 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 26 |
Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus), fermented batter | 38±1 | 9.9 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 26 |
Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina | 35±4 | | | | | |
Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina | 31±6 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 33±2 | 6.6 | 1.3 | 100 | 3.53 | 20 |
Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney | 77±3 | 30.0 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney | 55±2 | 21.5 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 66±11 | 25.7 | 2.6 | 150 | 5.29 | 39 |
Green gram, (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 | 38±14 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 150 | 5.29 | 17 |
Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked | 57±6 | 28.5 | 3.3 | 80 (dry) | 2.82 | 50 |
Green gram dhal with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked | 78±12 | 39.0 | 3.3 | 78 (dry) | 2.75 | 50 |
Horse gram, (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 | 51±11 | 14.8 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 29 |
Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney | 77±2 | 40.0 | 3.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 52 |
Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney | 60±2 | 31.2 | 3.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 52 |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 69±9 | 35.9 | 3.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 52 |
Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) | 77±8 | 38.5 | 3.3 | 70 (dry) | 2.47 | 50 |
Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup | 24±4 | | | | | |
Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup | 29±4 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 27±3 | 8.4 | 2.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 31 |
Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) | 60±10 | 30.6 | 3.4 | 360 | 12.70 | 51 |
Millet/Ragi, (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 | 68±10 | 23.1 | 2.3 | 150 | 5.29 | 34 |
Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)11 | 84 | 42.0 | 3.3 | 70 (dry) | 2.47 | 50 |
Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread | 104±13 | 52.0 | 3.3 | 70 (dry) | 2.47 | 50 |
mean of two studies | 94±10 | | | | | |
Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) | 90±3 | | | | | |
Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) | 45±2 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 68±23 | 35.4 | 3.5 | 250 | 8.82 | 52 |
Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) | 82±2 | | | | | |
Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) | 57±1 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 70±13 | 28.7 | 2.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 41 |
Rajmah, Phaseolus vulgaris | 19 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Rice, (Oryza Sativa) boiled served with bottle gourd and tomato curry | 69±15 | 26.2 | 2.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 38 |
Semolina | | | | | | |
Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed | 55±9 | 27.5 | 3.3 | 67 (dry) | 2.36 | 50 |
Semolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roasted | 76±6 | 38.0 | 3.3 | 67 (dry) | 2.36 | 50 |
Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) | 46±12 | 23.0 | 3.3 | 71 (dry) | 2.50 | 50 |
Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) | 62±20 | 31.0 | 3.3 | 71 (dry) | 2.50 | 50 |
Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) | 54±7 | 27.0 | 3.3 | 71 (dry) | 2.50 | 50 |
Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h11 | 70±10 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 250 | 8.82 | 18 |
Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked 15lb 12-15 min | 68±8 | 34.0 | 3.3 | 76 (dry) | 2.68 | 50 |
Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) | 67±3 | | | | | |
Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) | 69±4 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 68±1 | 28.6 | 2.8 | 150 | 5.29 | 42 |
Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) | 18±3 | | | | | |
Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) | 19±3 | | | | | |
Mean in two groups of subjects | 18±1 | 5.9 | 2.2 | 150 | 5.29 | 33 |
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL | | | | | | |
Acacia aneura, mulga seed, roasted, wet ground to paste6 | 8 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 17 |
Acacia coriacea, desert oak,seed bread6 | 46 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 75 | 2.65 | 24 |
Araucaria bidwillii, bunya tree nut, baked 10 min6 | 47 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 50 | 1.76 | 16 |
Bush honey, sugar bag6 | 43 | 10.8 | 1.7 | 30 | 1.06 | 25 |
Castanospermum australe, blackbean seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked6 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 9 |
Dioscorea bulbifera, cheeky yam, peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min6 | 34 | 12.3 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
Macrozamia communis, cycad palm seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked6 | 40±2 | 10.0 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 25 |
PACIFIC ISLANDERS | | | | | | |
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)6 | 68 | 18.4 | 1.8 | 120 | 4.23 | 27 |
Banana/plantain, green | | | | | | |
Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) | 38±10 | 8.0 | 1.4 | 120 | 4.23 | 21 |
Sweet Potato | | | | | | |
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (Australia) | 44 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 77±12 | 19.3 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) | 78±6 | 19.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
mean of three studies | 66±11 | 18.5 | 1.9 | 150 | 5.29 | 28 |
Taro | | | | | | |
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) | 54 | | | | | |
Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 56±12 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 55±1 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 8 |
Yam | | | | | | |
Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 25±4 | | | | | |
Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) | 35±5 | | | | | |
mean of two groups of subjects | 30±5 | 10.8 | 2.4 | 150 | 5.29 | 36 |
ISRAELI | | | | | | |
Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour and butter, fried) | 61±10 | | | | | |
Melawach | 71±7 | | | | | |
mean of two studies | 66±5 | 35.0 | 3.5 | 115 | 4.06 | 53 |
Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) | 31±6 | 16.4 | 3.5 | 130 | 4.59 | 53 |
Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) | 59±10 | 31.3 | 3.5 | 130 | 4.59 | 53 |
Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber | 72±10 | 38.2 | 3.5 | 130 | 4.59 | 53 |
PIMA INDIAN | | | | | | |
Acorns, stewed with venison (Quercus emoryi)6 | 16±1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 100 | 3.53 | 6 |
Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) | 91 | 18.2 | 1.3 | 30 | 1.06 | 20 |
Corn hominy (Zea mays)6 | 40±5 | 12.0 | 2.0 | 150 | 5.29 | 30 |
Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) | 70 | 16.8 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.06 | 24 |
Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)6 | 36±3 | 11.5 | 2.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 32 |
Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)6 | 25±3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 60 | 2.12 | 4 |
Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) | 38 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 60 | 2.12 | 25 |
White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 | 31±3 | 9.9 | 2.1 | 250 | 8.82 | 32 |
Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 | 29±3 | 7.5 | 1.7 | 250 | 8.82 | 26 |
SOUTH AMERICAN | | | | | | |
Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico) | 72 | 31.0 | 2.9 | 100 | 3.53 | 43 |
Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour (25% amylose) 9, 34 | 81 | 34.8 | 2.9 | 100 | 3.53 | 43 |
Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour 9, 34 | 44 | 11.0 | 1.7 | 100 | 3.53 | 25 |
Black Beans | 30 | 6.9 | 1.5 | 150 | 5.29 | 23 |
Brown Beans | 38 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Corn tortilla (Mexican) | 52 | 12.5 | 1.6 | 50 | 1.76 | 24 |
Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) | 39 | 9.0 | 1.5 | 100 | 3.53 | 23 |
Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexican) | 78 | 11.7 | 1.0 | 100 | 3.53 | 15 |
Nopal (prickly pear cactus) | 7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 100 | 3.53 | 6 |
Pinto beans, boiled in salted water | 14 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 150 | 5.29 | 25 |
Wheat tortilla (Mexican) | 30 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 50 | 1.76 | 26 |
Wheat tortilla, served with refried pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) | 28 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 100 | 3.53 | 18 |